Project

General

Profile

Getting Started with x86 » History » Version 64

Alexander Kamkin, 04/06/2017 07:48 PM

1 18 Alexander Kamkin
h1. Getting Started with x86
2 1 Mikhail Chupilko
3
{{toc}}
4
5
h2. Prerequisite
6
7 31 Alexander Kamkin
MicroTESK should be [[Installation Guide|installed]].
8 1 Mikhail Chupilko
9 13 Alexander Kamkin
h2. Demo Specifications
10 1 Mikhail Chupilko
11 29 Alexander Kamkin
Specifications of the x86 (8086) instruction set architecture (ISA) can be found in "$MICROTESK_HOME/arch/demo/x86/model/x86.nml":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/model/x86.nml.
12 1 Mikhail Chupilko
13 54 Alexander Kamkin
Instruction are described in [[nML Language Reference|nML]] by means of the following constructs (_move r16/r16_ is taken as an example):
14 8 Alexander Kamkin
15 10 Alexander Kamkin
## the signature
16 59 Alexander Kamkin
<pre><code class="c">op mov_r16r16 (dst: R16, src: R16)</code></pre>
17 10 Alexander Kamkin
## the assembly format
18 50 Alexander Protsenko
<pre><code class="c">syntax = format("mov %s, %s", dst.syntax, src.syntax)</code></pre>
19 10 Alexander Kamkin
## the binary encoding
20 50 Alexander Protsenko
<pre><code class="c">image = format("1000101111%s%s", dst.image, src.image)</code></pre>
21 14 Alexander Kamkin
## the semantics
22 50 Alexander Protsenko
<pre><code class="c">
23 1 Mikhail Chupilko
  action = {
24
    dst = src;
25 9 Alexander Kamkin
    ...
26 1 Mikhail Chupilko
  }
27 50 Alexander Protsenko
</code></pre>
28 24 Alexander Kamkin
29 11 Alexander Kamkin
To compile the ISA model, run the following command:
30 47 Alexander Protsenko
<pre>sh $MICROTESK_HOME/bin/compile.sh x86.nml</pre>
31 1 Mikhail Chupilko
32 17 Alexander Kamkin
h2. Demo Templates
33 1 Mikhail Chupilko
34 57 Alexander Kamkin
Test templates for the x86 (8086) ISA can be found in "$MICROTESK_HOME/arch/demo/x86/templates":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates.
35 1 Mikhail Chupilko
36 33 Alexander Kamkin
The directory contains a number of demo templates including the following ones:
37 17 Alexander Kamkin
38 36 Alexander Kamkin
{background:#f6fcff}. | "block.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/block.rb | demonstrates how to use block constructs |
39 35 Alexander Kamkin
                      | "block_random.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/block_random.rb | demonstrates how to create randomized instruction sequences using block constructs |
40 38 Alexander Kamkin
{background:#f6fcff}. | "euclid.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/euclid.rb | demonstrates test program simulation to predict the resulting microprocessor state |
41 44 Alexander Kamkin
                      | "random.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/random.rb | demonstrates how to randomize tests by using biases and distributions |
42 40 Alexander Kamkin
{background:#f6fcff}. | "random_immediate.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/random_immediate.rb | demonstrates how to randomize immediate values |
43
                      | "random_registers.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/random_registers.rb | demonstrates how to randomize registers (dependencies) |
44 1 Mikhail Chupilko
45 60 Alexander Kamkin
Test templates are written in "Ruby":http://www.ruby-lang.org extended with specific [[Template_Description_Language|constructs]] (let us look at "block.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/block.rb):
46 50 Alexander Protsenko
47 64 Alexander Kamkin
# the following code includes the "x86_base.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/x86_base.rb file where a base template @X86BaseTemplate@ is defined and declares a @BlockTemplate@ template:
48 62 Alexander Kamkin
<pre><code class="ruby">
49 1 Mikhail Chupilko
require_relative ''x86_base''
50 63 Alexander Kamkin
51 64 Alexander Kamkin
class BlockTemplate < X86BaseTemplate  # BlockTemplate is a heir of @X86BaseTemplate@
52 1 Mikhail Chupilko
</code></pre>
53 63 Alexander Kamkin
# the following code starts a @run@ method, which is a template entry point:
54 1 Mikhail Chupilko
<pre><code class="ruby"> def run</code></pre>
55 64 Alexander Kamkin
# the following code produces a single sequence consisting of three instructions:
56 48 Mikhail Chupilko
<pre><code class="ruby">
57 50 Alexander Protsenko
  sequence {
58 48 Mikhail Chupilko
    mov_r16r16 ax, bx
59 64 Alexander Kamkin
    sub_r16r16 cx, dx          # fixed registers
60
    add_r16r16 r16(_), r16(_)  # registers to be randomized
61 1 Mikhail Chupilko
  }.run
62 48 Mikhail Chupilko
</code></pre>
63 64 Alexander Kamkin
# the following code produces three sequences each consisting of one instruction:
64 59 Alexander Kamkin
<pre><code class="ruby">
65 48 Mikhail Chupilko
  iterate {
66 50 Alexander Protsenko
    mov_r16r16 ax, bx
67 48 Mikhail Chupilko
    sub_r16r16 cx, dx
68
    add_r16r16 r16(_), r16(_)
69 59 Alexander Kamkin
  }.run
70 48 Mikhail Chupilko
</code></pre>
71 64 Alexander Kamkin
# the following code produces four sequences each consisting of two instructions:
72 48 Mikhail Chupilko
<pre><code class="ruby">
73 64 Alexander Kamkin
  block(:combinator => ''product'', :compositor => ''random'') { # (1) produce the Cartesian product of the nested sets of sequences (''product'')
74
                                                             # (2) for each tuple of the product, randomly merge it into one sequence (''random'')
75
    iterate {  # produce two single-instruction sequences
76 48 Mikhail Chupilko
      sub_r16r16 cx, dx
77
      add_r16r16 ax, bx
78
    }
79 64 Alexander Kamkin
    iterate {  # produce two single-instruction sequences
80 48 Mikhail Chupilko
      mov_r16r16 ax, bx
81 59 Alexander Kamkin
      sub_r16r16 r16(_), r16(_)
82 48 Mikhail Chupilko
    }
83
  }.run
84 50 Alexander Protsenko
</code></pre>
85 48 Mikhail Chupilko
# merges two sequences in random fashion; atomic sequences are unmodifiable
86 50 Alexander Protsenko
<pre><code class="ruby">
87 48 Mikhail Chupilko
  block(:combinator => ''diagonal'', :compositor => ''random'', :obfuscator => ''random'') {
88
    sequence {
89
      sub_r16r16 bx, ax
90
      or_r16r16 cx, dx
91 1 Mikhail Chupilko
    }
92
93 48 Mikhail Chupilko
    atomic {
94 1 Mikhail Chupilko
      prologue { comment ''Atomic starts'' }
95 48 Mikhail Chupilko
      epilogue { comment ''Atomic ends'' }
96
97 59 Alexander Kamkin
      and_r16r16 r16(_), r16(_)
98 48 Mikhail Chupilko
    }
99
  }.run
100 50 Alexander Protsenko
</code></pre>
101 48 Mikhail Chupilko
102
To generate test program(s) from a test template (in our case, from @block.rb@), run the following command:
103 53 Mikhail Chupilko
<pre>sh $MICROTESK_HOME/bin/generate.sh x86 block.rb --code-file-prefix block --code-file-extension s -v</pre>
104 48 Mikhail Chupilko
105 49 Alexander Protsenko
When generation is finished, the resulting assembly code can be found in @$MICROTESK_HOME@.
106 50 Alexander Protsenko
107 52 Mikhail Chupilko
To compile "the output file":http://forge.ispras.ru/attachments/download/5127/block_0000.s, run the following commands:
108 51 Alexander Protsenko
<pre>
109
nasm -f elf block_0000.s
110
ld -m i386pe -s -o block_0000 block_0000.o
111
</pre>
112 48 Mikhail Chupilko
113
To execute resulted test cases is possible by means of the "online simulator":https://www.tutorialspoint.com/compile_assembly_online.php
114
!Example_block.png!