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Getting Started with x86 » History » Version 55

Alexander Kamkin, 04/06/2017 07:10 PM

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h1. Getting Started with x86
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{{toc}}
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h2. Prerequisite
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MicroTESK should be [[Installation Guide|installed]].
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h2. Demo Specifications
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Specifications of the x86 (8086) instruction set architecture (ISA) can be found in "$MICROTESK_HOME/arch/demo/x86/model/x86.nml":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/model/x86.nml.
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Instruction are described in [[nML Language Reference|nML]] by means of the following constructs (_move r16/r16_ is taken as an example):
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## the signature
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<pre><code class="c">op mov_r16r16 (dst: GPR16, src: GPR16)</code></pre>
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## the assembly format
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<pre><code class="c">syntax = format("mov %s, %s", dst.syntax, src.syntax)</code></pre>
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## the binary encoding
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<pre><code class="c">image = format("1000101111%s%s", dst.image, src.image)</code></pre>
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## the semantics
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<pre><code class="c">
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  action = {
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    dst = src;
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    ...
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  }
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</code></pre>
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To compile the ISA model, run the following command:
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<pre>sh $MICROTESK_HOME/bin/compile.sh x86.nml</pre>
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h2. Demo Templates
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Test templates for the x86 ISA can be found in "$MICROTESK_HOME/arch/demo/x86/templates":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates.
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The directory contains a number of demo templates including the following ones:
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{background:#f6fcff}. | "block.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/block.rb | demonstrates how to use block constructs |
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                      | "block_random.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/block_random.rb | demonstrates how to create randomized instruction sequences using block constructs |
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{background:#f6fcff}. | "euclid.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/euclid.rb | demonstrates test program simulation to predict the resulting microprocessor state |
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                      | "random.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/random.rb | demonstrates how to randomize tests by using biases and distributions |
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{background:#f6fcff}. | "random_immediate.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/random_immediate.rb | demonstrates how to randomize immediate values |
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                      | "random_registers.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/random_registers.rb | demonstrates how to randomize registers (dependencies) |
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Test templates are written in "Ruby":http://www.ruby-lang.org extended with specific [[Template_Description_Language|constructs]].
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Let''s review one of the templates ("block.rb":http://forge.ispras.ru/projects/microtesk/repository/entry/trunk/microtesk/src/main/arch/demo/x86/templates/block.rb) in detail.
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# includes the file where the base class is defined, containing definition of the x86 ISA registers, their preparators, etc.
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<pre><code class="ruby">require_relative ''x86_base''</code></pre>
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# declares current template class declaration as a heir of X86BaseTemplate
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<pre><code class="ruby">class BlockTemplate < X86BaseTemplate</code></pre>
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# defines a "run" method (also, "initialize", "pre", and "post" methods are declared in the base class, and always inherited)
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<pre><code class="ruby"> def run</code></pre>
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# produces a single test case that consists of three instructions
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<pre><code class="ruby">
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  sequence {
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    mov_r16r16 ax, bx
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    sub_r16r16 cx, dx
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    add_r16r16 gpr16(_), gpr16(_)
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  }.run
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</code></pre>
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# atomic sequence; works as sequence in this context
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<pre><code class="ruby">
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  atomic {
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    mov_r16r16 ax, bx
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    add_r16r16 cx, dx
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    sub_r16r16 gpr16(_), gpr16(_)
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  }.run
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</code></pre>
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# produces three test cases each consisting of one instruction
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<pre><code class="ruby">
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  iterate {
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    mov_r16r16 ax, bx
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    sub_r16r16 cx, dx
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    add_r16r16 gpr16(_), gpr16(_)
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  }.run
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</code></pre>
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# produces four test cases consisting of two instructions (Cartesian product composed in a random order)
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<pre><code class="ruby">
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  block(:combinator => ''product'', :compositor => ''random'') {
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    iterate {
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      sub_r16r16 cx, dx
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      add_r16r16 ax, bx
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    }
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    iterate {
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      mov_r16r16 ax, bx
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      sub_r16r16 gpr16(_), gpr16(_)
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    }
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  }.run
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</code></pre>
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# merges two sequences in random fashion; atomic sequences are unmodifiable
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<pre><code class="ruby">
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  block(:combinator => ''diagonal'', :compositor => ''random'', :obfuscator => ''random'') {
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    sequence {
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      sub_r16r16 bx, ax
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      or_r16r16 cx, dx
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    }
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    atomic {
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      prologue { comment ''Atomic starts'' }
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      epilogue { comment ''Atomic ends'' }
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      and_r16r16 gpr16(_), gpr16(_)
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    }
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  }.run
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</code></pre>
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# finishes definition of the "run" method and class "BlockTemplate"
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<pre><code class="ruby">
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 end
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end
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</code></pre>
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To generate test program(s) from a test template (in our case, from @block.rb@), run the following command:
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<pre>sh $MICROTESK_HOME/bin/generate.sh x86 block.rb --code-file-prefix block --code-file-extension s -v</pre>
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When generation is finished, the resulting assembly code can be found in @$MICROTESK_HOME@.
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To compile "the output file":http://forge.ispras.ru/attachments/download/5127/block_0000.s, run the following commands:
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<pre>
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nasm -f elf block_0000.s
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ld -m i386pe -s -o block_0000 block_0000.o
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</pre>
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To execute resulted test cases is possible by means of the "online simulator":https://www.tutorialspoint.com/compile_assembly_online.php
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!Example_block.png!